Such features imply the specific attribute of episodic memory: connections. Tulving believed that the differences between episodic and semantic memory are self-involvement, autonoetic awareness, and subjective sense of time ( Tulving, 2004). These phenomena reflect the implicit decision-making of memory based on effective cues that researchers call “sources” ( Johnson et al., 1993), and these memory phenomena belong to declarative memory, which include episodic memory and semantic memory ( Squire, 2004 Tulving, 2004).Įpisodic memory and semantic memory are two different memory systems that were proposed by Tulving to cover human memory. The effect of these cues is reflected in many research studies on memory: (1) directed forgetting paradigm ( Sahakyan and Kelley, 2002) (2) mood-dependent paradigm ( Lewis and Critchley, 2003) (3) emotional enhancement effects ( Talmi et al., 2019) (4) false memory paradigm ( Bookbinder and Brainerd, 2016), and (5) context maintenance and retrieval mathematical model to prove the importance of memory cues ( Polyn et al., 2009). This review integrates empirical evidence from the domains of cognition, cognitive neuroscience, and mathematical modeling to validate our hypothesis.Įffective retrieval cues play an important role in memory recovery. The logic of the model is that when item memory and source memory share the same or relevant connection between item and source, they positively connect, or they are independently or negatively connected. This review attempts to point out the connection-strength model, implying the different types and strengths of the important role of the item–source connections in the relationship between item memory and source memory, which is based on the same essence in the unified framework. Some studies show the trade-off between item memory and source memory, some show the consistency between them, and others show the independence between them. The controversy in the relationship between item memory and source memory is a focus of episodic memory.
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